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Diesel engines are typically operated to ensure a complete combustion of soot and to prevent them from exhausting unburnt fuel. The excess air leads to the generation of NOx. NOx is a common term for the more reactive nitrogen oxides and includes nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), but excludes, for example, nitrous oxide (N2O). NO2 can increase respiratory illness, especially in children. Long-term exposure may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection.The least reactive nitrogen oxide is N2O, but it can affect both the ozone layer and global warming, have an effect on water quality and enables the risk of acid rain.

 SCR was applied to automobiles by Nissan Diesel Corporation, and the first practical product "Nissan Diesel Quon" was introduced in 2004. With the cooperation of the oil and chemical industries, a 1,300-station infrastructure to supply DEF was prepared by September 2005 in Japan. In 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enacted requirements to significantly reduce harmful exhaust emissions. To achieve this standard, Cummins and other diesel engine manufacturers developed an aftertreatment system that included the use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). As the DPF does not function with low-sulphur diesel fuel, diesel engines that conform to 2007 EPA emissions standards require ultra-low-sulphur diesel (ULSD) fuel to prevent damage to the DPF